Promoters
Promoters are DNA regulatory sequences that recruit transcription machinery to initiate gene expression. They vary in transcriptional strength, temporal activity patterns, tissue selectivity, and susceptibility to silencing in different cellular environments.
| Name | Full Name | Strength | Tissue |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5×UAS | Five tandem upstream activation sequence/adenovirus E1B minimal (5×UAS-E1B) promoter | — | — |
| 503unc | Zebrafish 503-bp unc-45b (503unc) promoter | — | — |
| α1-Tubulin | Drosophila melanogaster alpha-1-tubulin (α1-Tub) promoter | Strong | Neuron (pan-neuronal) |
| ACTA1 | Human skeletal muscle alpha-actin 1 (ACTA1) promoter | Moderate | — |
| Actin5C | Drosophila melanogaster cytoskeletal actin 5C (Act5C) distal promoter | — | — |
| ADH1 (long) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) promoter (long, ~1.5 kb) | — | — |
| ADH1 (medium) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) promoter (medium) | — | — |
| ADH1 (short) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) promoter (short) | — | — |
| Adipoq | Mouse adiponectin (Adipoq) promoter | — | — |
| AFP/βglobin | Mouse alpha-fetoprotein enhancer II/human beta-globin minimal (AFP/βglobin) promoter | — | — |
| Alb | Mouse albumin (Alb) promoter | — | — |
| AOX1 | Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter | — | — |
| aP2 | Rat adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2/FABP4) promoter | — | — |
| ApoE/hAAT | Apolipoprotein E hepatic control region/human alpha-1 antitrypsin (ApoE/hAAT) composite promoter | Moderate | — |
| β-actin2 | Zebrafish cytoskeletal beta-actin 2 (bactin2) promoter | — | — |
| BK5 | Bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter | — | — |
| CAG | CMV early enhancer/chicken beta-actin (CAG) promoter | Very Strong | — |
| CaMKIIα (long) | Mouse alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) promoter (8.5 kb) | — | — |
| CaMKIIα (short) | Mouse alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) promoter (1.3 kb) | — | — |
| CaMKIIα | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) promoter | Moderate to Strong | — |
| 2×CaMV35S | Enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (2×CaMV35S) promoter | — | — |
| CaMV35S (long) | Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter (full-length, ~500 bp) | — | — |
| CaMV35S (short) | Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter (short, ~200–350 bp) | — | — |
| CBA | CMV early enhancer/chicken beta-actin/SV40 intron (CBA) promoter | Strong | — |
| CBh | Compact hybrid CMV/chicken beta-actin (CBh) promoter | — | — |
| CD11b | Human integrin alphaM (CD11b/ITGAM) promoter | — | — |
| CD144 | Human vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin/CD144) promoter | Moderate | — |
| CD68 | Human CD68 macrophage scavenger receptor (CD68) promoter | Moderate | — |
| CD68 (long) | Human CD68 macrophage scavenger receptor promoter, long form (~2.2 kb) | — | — |
| CD68 (short) | Human CD68 macrophage scavenger receptor promoter, short form (~590 bp) | — | — |
| CK8e | Synthetic muscle creatine kinase 8 enhanced (CK8e) promoter | — | — |
| cMLC2 | Zebrafish cardiac myosin light chain 2 (cmlc2/myl7) promoter | — | — |
| CMV | Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter (CMV IE promoter) | Very Strong | Neuron |
| CMV+Intron | Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter with human beta-globin intron 2 splicing signal | — | — |
| CNP | Mouse 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp) promoter | — | — |
| Col1a1 | Rat collagen type I alpha-1 (Col1a1) promoter | — | — |
| Col2a1 | Mouse collagen type II alpha-1 (Col2a1) promoter | — | — |
| cTnT | Chicken cardiac troponin T (cTnT) promoter | Moderate | — |
| CUP1 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae CUP1 metallothionein promoter | — | — |
| DmHsp70 | Drosophila melanogaster heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) promoter | — | — |
| EF1α | Human eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) promoter | Strong | — |
| EFS | Human elongation factor 1 alpha short form (EFS) promoter | Moderate constitutive | — |
| EFT-3 | Caenorhabditis elegans translation elongation factor 1-alpha (eft-3) promoter | — | — |
| enSM22α | Chimeric vascular smooth muscle cell-specific enhancer/promoter (rabbit smooth muscle myosin heavy chain enhancer upstream of truncated mouse SM22alpha promoter) | — | — |
| GAL1 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose-inducible galactokinase 1 (GAL1) promoter | — | — |
| GAP | Pichia pastoris glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP/GAPDH) promoter | — | — |
| GfaABC1D | Human GFAP-derived minimal astrocyte-specific GfaABC1D promoter | Moderate | — |
| GFAP | Human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter | Moderate | — |
| GFAP (long) | Human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, long form (2.1 kb) | — | — |
| GFAP (short) | Human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, short form (0.68 kb) | — | — |