Regulatory Elements

Regulatory elements are non-coding sequences that modulate gene expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms or prevent silencing effects. Some elements like WPRE enhance mRNA processing and nuclear export, while insulators like cHS4 create chromatin boundaries that block position-dependent silencing. Enhancers amplify transcriptional activity in specific cellular contexts.

Name	Type	Origin
hCMV Intron A	Intron	Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene
IVS Intron	Intron	Synthetic (designed for pIRES vector system)
Kozak Sequence	Kozak	Consensus derived from analysis of 699 vertebrate mRNA sequences (Kozak, 1987)
SV40 Small t Intron	Intron	Simian virus 40 early gene region (T-antigen locus)
SV40 Late Intron	Intron	Simian virus 40 late gene region (16S/19S mRNA)
WPRE	Post-transcriptional	Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) genome, 3' regulatory region